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Culture and menstruation
The word "menstruation" is etymologically related to "moon". The terms "menstruation" and "menses" are derived from the Latin ''mensis'' (month), which in turn relates to the Greek ''mene'' (moon) and to the roots of the English words ''month'' and ''moon''.
To many, such cultural associations appear persuasive in view of the fact that in humans, the menstrual cycle quite closely approximates the moon’s 29.5-day synodic cycle, unlike in chimpanzees (~36 days) or bonobos (~40 days).〔Martin, R. D. 1992. Female cycles in relation to paternity in primate societies. In R. D. Martin, A. F. Dixson and E. J. Wickings (eds), ''Paternity in Primates. Genetic tests and theories.'' Basel: Karger, pp. 238-74.〕〔Martin, R. D. 2007. The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective. ''Am J Phys Anthropol.'' Suppl 45:59-84.〕〔Saltzman, W., S. D. Tardif and J. N. Rutherford, 2010. Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Primates. Chapter 13 in D. O. Norris and K. H. Lopez (eds), ''Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates,'' Vol. 5, Mammals. London: Academic Press.〕 Statistical information from hunter gatherers is lacking, but where large-scale western studies focus on women’s peak reproductive years – removing outlier values – the cycle length gravitates around 29.1-29.5 days, while the figure for women in their thirties shortens toward 28 days.〔Treloar, A. E., R. E. Boynton, B. G. Behn and B. W. Brown 1967. Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. ''International Journal of Fertility'' 12: 77-126.〕〔Harlow, S. D., Lin X and Ho, M. J. 2000. Analysis of menstrual diary data across the reproductive life span: applicability of the bipartite model approach and the importance of within-woman variance. ''J Clin Epidemiol.'' 53(7):722-33.〕 In no extant human population has statistically significant lunar phase-locking been demonstrated. Turning to the evolutionary past, however, a possible adaptive basis for the biological capacity would be reproductive levelling: among primates, synchronising to any natural clock makes it difficult for an alpha male to monopolise fertile sex with multiple females.〔Turke, P. W. 1984. Effects of ovulatory concealment and synchrony on protohominid mating systems and parental roles. ''Ethology and Sociobiology'' 5: 33-44.〕〔Turke, P. W. 1988. Concealed ovulation, menstrual synchrony and paternal investment. in E. Filsinger (ed.), ''Biosocial Perspectives on the Family.'' Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 119-136.〕〔Ostner, J, C. L. Nunn and O. Schülke 2008. Female reproductive synchrony predicts skewed paternity across primates. ''Behavioral Ecology'' 19(6): 1150-1158. 〕〔Carnes L. M., Nunn C. L., Lewis R. J. 2011. Effects of the Distribution of Female Primates on the Number of Males. ''PLoS ONE'' 6(5): e19853. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019853〕〔Power, C., Sommer, V., Watts, I., (2013). The Seasonality Thermostat: Female reproductive synchrony and male behaviour in monkeys, Neanderthals and modern humans. ''PaleoAnthropology'' 2013: 33−60. doi:10.4207/PA.2013.ART79〕 This would be consistent with the striking gender egalitarianism of extant non-storage hunter-gatherer societies.〔M. Dyble, G. D. Salali, N. Chaudhary, A. Page, D. Smith, J. Thompson, L. Vinicius, R. Mace, A. B. Migliano. Sex equality can explain the unique social structure of hunter-gatherer bands. ''Science,'' 2015 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5139〕 A further deep-time evolutionary pressure may have been lions’ habit of eating people on moonless nights.〔Packer, C., A. Swanson, D. Ikanda and H. Kushnir 2011. Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions. ''PLoS ONE'' 6(7): e22285. Doi10.1371/journal.pone.0022285.〕 When early Pleistocene hominids in Africa were attempting to survive by robbing big cats of their kills,〔Blumenschine, R. J. 1986. Early Hominid Scavenging Opportunities: Implications of Carcass Availability in the Serengeti and Ngorongoro Ecosystems. Oxford: ''British Archaeological Reports,'' International Series 283.〕〔O’Connell, J. F., K. Hawkes, K. D. Lupo and N. Blurton Jones 2002. Male strategies and Plio-Pleistocene archaeology. ''Journal of Human Evolution'' 43, 831–872 〕〔Shipman, P. 2011. ''The Animal Connection. A new perspective on what makes us human.'' New York & London: Norton. 〕 according to some evolutionary scientists, it may have been adaptive to restrict overnight journeys – including sexual liaisons – to times when there was a moon in the sky.〔Packer, C., A. Swanson, D. Ikanda and H. Kushnir 2011. Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions. ''PLoS ONE'' 6(7): e22285. Doi10.1371/journal.pone.0022285〕〔Knight, C., Power, C. and Watts, I. 1995. The Human Symbolic Revolution: A Darwinian Account | journal. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol. 5(1): 75–114.〕
==Mythology==
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